The landscape and pastoral poets are represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, so they are also called the Wang-Meng Poetry School.These poets used their broad minds and sensitive aesthetic sense to describe the beauty and magnificence of the landscape and sing about the leisure and tranquility of pastoral life. From one aspect, they reflected the social stability of the Tang Dynasty, the peace and contentment of farmers, and the cheerful optimism of the spirit of the times.In the past, landscape poetry was undervalued and thought to be far behind the times.Not really.“The country is broken, the mountains and rivers are there, the city is full of spring vegetation, it is also a landscape poem. It is only because it is in troubled times that the poet feels so heavy.Then, in the peaceful period, Wang Wei sang "The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring rocks flow up", isn't it also in line with the requirements of the times?This is the Zhaoling Mausoleum in Liquan County, Shaanxi Province. Buried here is the most outstanding emperor in Chinese history—Tang Taizong Li Shimin.Li Shimin, this young hero, rebelled against the Sui Dynasty at the age of nineteen. He rode the Six Horses of Zhaoling, holding wind and thunder in his hand, and galloped across China.of the Tang Dynasty.At the age of twenty-nine, he took over the authority of the emperor from his father, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan, and thus began the Zhenguan rule in Chinese history, which is infinitely longed for by future generations.
The most outstanding landscape and pastoral poet is Wang Wei.According to records, Wang Wei could write poetry at the age of nine.Like the popular song - Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th -.This is what Wang Wei wrote when he was seventeen:
Being a stranger in a foreign land, I miss my family even more during the festive season.I know from afar that when my brothers climbed to a high place, there was only one less person planting dogwood trees.
Wang Wei was proficient in music and good at cursive and official script. His achievements in painting were particularly outstanding, so much so that Su Shi, the great poet of the Song Dynasty, praised him as "paintings in poems, poetry in paintings".His poetry creation is based on this comprehensive artistic accomplishment.
When he was thirty-seven years old, Wang Wei went on a mission to Liangzhou - today's central Gansu Province. On the way, he composed a poem - Envoy to Fortress -:
I want to ask about the side of the bicycle, but I belong to the country and live in Yan.Zheng Peng left Hansai, returned to Yan and entered Hutian.The lonely smoke in the desert is straight, and the sun is setting over the long river.When Xiao Guan meets Yan Qi, they all guard Yan Ran.
”It is said that the city is covered with light dust from the morning rain, and the guest houses are green and green.I advise you to drink a glass of wine and leave Yangguan in the west without any old friends.% (《Anxi, the second envoy to Yuan Dynasty》), this song was composed at that time and was called "Yangguan Santie". It has become a widely circulated farewell lyrics, using the most common words to form the most common sentences.You can understand it at a glance.But the affection is so deep and the tone is so loud, it makes people feel that it is exactly what they want to say, but they just haven't said it out.
At the end of Kaiyuan, that is, in the early 1940s of the eighth century AD, the treacherous minister Li Linfu began to gain power and squeezed out the famous prime minister Zhang Jiuling, who had been diligently governing the country, from the court. This meant that the political situation was about to undergo major changes.In order to avoid possible accidents, Wang Wei began to live a half-hidden and half-official life.This is the impact of changes in the political situation on him.In fact, Wang Wei fell deeper and deeper into a closed life, mainly due to his own principles of life.His mother had been a Buddhist for a long time, and this subtle influence was naturally irresistible to him.After losing his wife in middle age, he never remarried and lived a single life of fasting and worshiping Buddha.This was the period when Zen Buddhism, which would later have a profound influence on the poetry of his motherland, was developing vigorously. His interest in Zen philosophy was growing.His poetry style has also changed. The high-spirited poetry in his early years has disappeared, and has been replaced by landscape poetry that combines painting, poetry and Zen philosophy.This kind of small poem is like a painting, with a light poetic sentiment, but it also contains Zen principles that are difficult to grasp.His achievements in poetry of this kind are extremely high and can be said to be unprecedented and unprecedented.
In his middle age, he was quite good at Taoism. In his later years, he returned to Nanshan.When you are happy, you go alone. You know your success in vain.Walk to a waterless place and sit down to watch the clouds rise.Occasionally, I visit my neighbor, chatting and laughing for a long time.
The lyrical protagonist completely escapes the magnetic field of fame and fortune. He has a calm and unhurried heart based on a sense of security, so that he can enter a spiritual realm of absolute freedom and enjoy the joy of discovering and time-honored things with an aesthetic vision without any utilitarianism.It is ordinary, and sometimes its natural beauty cannot be noticed by others.
Meng Haoran and Wang Wei were good friends. In his poem to Wang Wei ("Farewell to Wang Wei"), he said: "I want to find fragrant grass, but I regret not meeting my old friend."Who is lying on the road?Good friends are rare in the world.It can be seen that he regards Wang Wei as a close friend.
Meng Haoran's life story is very simple: he lived in Xiangyang before he was forty years old. At the age of forty, he went to Chang'an to take the imperial examination once, but failed. From then on, he had to give up the idea of becoming an official. He traveled to Jiangsu and Zhejiang for several times.Years later, he finally died in Xiangyang.Among the great poets of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, no one lived a life as ordinary as him.
The level of the lake in August is too clear, the steam is steaming over the dreamy lake, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City.If you want to help without a boat, you will live in the shameful sage.Sitting and watching the fishermen only envy the fish.
This poem was dedicated to Zhang Jiuling.In the late 1930s, Zhang Jiuling was demoted from his position as prime minister to Jingzhou.Because he admired Meng Haoran's poems, he invited him to Jingzhou and gave him a small official position.Meng Haoran, who had never been an official before, was very happy and wrote this magnificent poem.“The clouds are steaming over Mengze, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City”. The misty clouds and vast waves of Dongting Lake are written with majestic momentum, which fully demonstrates the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.The reason why Meng Haoran wanted to describe Dongting Lake as so vast and boundless is because he wanted a lake to symbolize the human world.He is helpless in the world, and there is no capable person to promote him, just like trying to save money without a boat - thinking about Dongting but unable to find a boat.Now Zhang Jiuling, who had been prime minister, came and gave him an official position, which finally gave him a chance to display his ambitions.He sat and watched the fishermen, and also wanted to catch a big fish by the lake, that is, he wanted to take this opportunity to do something.It's a pity that Meng Haoran, who only lived to be fifty-two years old, was already forty-eight years old at this time.
From the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Meng Haoran was the first poet to write landscape poems vigorously.His landscape poems do not create scenery based on emotion. Once he has a certain emotion and then finds a corresponding scenery to set it off, he does not just use scenery to express emotion, that is, a certain emotion is generated due to a certain scenery.In his landscape poems, emotions and scenery blend in harmony.
The mountains are dark and the ape is sad, the Cangjiang River flows rapidly at night, the wind rustles the leaves on both sides, and the moon shines on a lonely boat.Jiande is not my homeland, but we should reminisce about old travels.I will also send two lines of tears to the west of the sea.(《Stay in Tonglu River and send old tour to Guangling》)
It is both a description of scenery and a lyricism, or in other words, it is a created environment. It is impossible to tell whether it is a description of scenery or lyricism.Before this, it cannot be said that there were no landscape poems that achieved this kind of blending of scenes.But only Meng Haoran knew how to consciously create such a realm and improve the expressive ability of landscape poetry.Let’s take another famous poem of his that expresses pastoral life as an example:
An old friend brought chicken and millet and invited me to Tian's house.The green trees border the village, and the green mountains and hills slope outside.Open a pavilion and a garden, talk about mulberry and hemp over wine.When the Double Ninth Festival comes, there will be chrysanthemums.(《passing the old friend's village》)
Among the poems written by Meng Haoran, the most widely read is "Spring Dawn". At first glance, this poem is just a sigh that the flowers in spring are easy to wither, and there is a faint feeling of cherishing spring.But if you think about it carefully, isn't it impossible to say that this implies that youth is easy to fade away in the ups and downs of society?
“I sleep in spring without waking up, and hear the singing of birds everywhere.How many flowers have fallen to the sound of wind and rain at night?”
When people think of this poem, they can always think of a lot of melancholy and loss. In fact, the meaning of the poem is much more than that.
