The imperial court promoted two privy envoys, namely Wang Qingruo and Chen Yaosuo, the chiefs in charge of military affairs. However, these two people were not in the position and were dismissed from office again this year.The reasons for dismissal from office are trivial to say the least.The institution where the Privy Council is located is called the Privy Council Hospital, which is responsible for military affairs. It is said that some military generals from the frontiers have made some achievements and reported to the signature hospital.Then as the competent authority, you have to reward according to merit.How to reward it?Differences of opinion arose among the leaders.Wang Xinruo and Chen Yaosou are the two newly promoted civil servants I just mentioned, so they can be rewarded casually for such small merits.But at this time, there was also a deputy chief of the Privy Hospital named Ma Zhijie, who was born in the fifth generation. He said that other countries had not fought wars for many years, and there were no meritorious people at the border. This time, they could be rewarded a little more.Yes, he is also an inspiration to other generals across the country who are watching.Alas, this led to a quarrel, disagreements, and the matter had to be taken off.

As time passed, Ma Zhijie gave up and had a big quarrel with Wang Qingruo in front of Emperor Zhenzong.You think of Ma Zhijie, a carefree warrior, who has always looked down on a clever guy like Wang Qingruo. This time, he used the topic as an excuse, so he took over many of Wang Qinru's shortcomings, and in front of the emperor.noodle.Then Wang Qingruo may have a guilty conscience and feels that he can't handle such a small thing. If he says he can do it, isn't it just to reward some generals?I'll give them all special promotions, so that's alright.But he never expected that Wang Qingruo would offend a more powerful person again.Who really follows the emperor?That's right, you promote military generals in an unusual way and make the decision yourself without reporting to the emperor. Do you have to follow the procedures?So the authentic emperor lost face and said this to the prime minister, "Hey, what is Wang Qingruo doing?"At first, he refused to promote people, but now he promotes people without permission.Oh, it turns out that you have the final say in who is employed in the imperial court.If everyone around me does this, then I, the emperor, will just tie my hands and not worry about anything else.Listen, this is not just a criticism, it is an angry statement. This is not the only reason why the emperor is angry this time.

The emperor looked back and saw that Ma Zhijie, who was quarreling with Wang Qinruo, said that you are not a good person. You always quarrel about big and small things. You just criticized the officials in your court. Have you scolded them all?I am really lenient with myself and strict with others. When I leave, you all leave me. When people leave, this is how I am.At the moment, the Privy Hospital only had three leaders, chief and deputy, and Emperor Zhenzong withdrew them all when he got angry.So who is the replacement?Hey, we are old acquaintances.Haha, you must know he is right.However, it didn't take long for Kou Zhun to return to Kaifeng to become a high official this time, and he was quickly kicked out again within ten months.We will talk about Kou Zhun’s ups and downs at this stage in the next issue.When I was reading this period of historical data, I sighed in my heart. Our Zhenzong emperor was indeed a bit powerless at this stage.He has been on the throne for a long time, 17 years, but these are the ministers he uses. He is very dissatisfied with them, but there seems to be nothing he can do. Some of them have true feelings, such as the current Prime Minister Wang.Dan.Some are dependent on it, such as Wang Qinruo's positioning, and some are people who don't like it very much, but they still have high expectations for the government, and it's not enough to use it. For example, Kou Zhun, this is a bit like today's company. If you find thisWell, companies, important positions are always replaced by new people, and young people come to take the job. That is usually when the company is more dynamic.

If the middle-level cadres of this company have been replaced by just a few old people for many years, the senior management will not be very satisfied with them, but they feel that these people are familiar with the business and there is an old relationship between us.Let's leave it like this, there's no need to change people.Yes, companies at this time often enter a stage called vitality decline.The Zhenzong trend in the Song Dynasty is now at this stage.If you look at the current wave of ministers used by Song Zhenzong, they are actually withering away. They are getting older. Prime Minister Wang Dan still had three years left in his life. He died in 1017.The Ma Zhijie I just mentioned had five years left, and he died in 1019.At this stage, there was another prime minister named Xiang Minzhong who died in 1020. He still had six years to live, so what do you think the authentic emperor was busy with in the next few years?To bid farewell to these veterans of his court one by one, back to this year, 1014, our Emperor Zhenzong also bid farewell to one person.This person is amazing, this person is more famous than all the people we just talked about, even more famous than Emperor Zhenzong himself.Who?Yang Liulang?Yang Yanzhao?Yes, the most famous son of Yang Laolinggong among the Yang family generals also died this year at the age of 57.

Yang Liulang Yang Yanzhao, his real name is Yang Yanlang, why did he change his name?If you have watched our previous program in 1009, you will know that Emperor Zhenzong invented an ancestor for his old Zhao family, named Zhao Xuanlang.This is incredible. He is both a god and the emperor's ancestor. That's a huge background, so this word "Lang" can only be used by him, and others have to avoid it.So Yang Yanlang had to change his name, and now he is called Yang Yanchao.

Yang Yunzhao is amazing. He died at his job. He was the deputy commander of Gao Yangguan at the time.Where is Official Gao Yang?It is physically equivalent to the front line of the confrontation between Song and Liao, so it is said that Yang Liulang guarded the Three Views in this area.Although the Song and Liao Dynasties are no longer at war, Gaoyang Pass is the most important military area of ​​the Song Dynasty and the frontier. It is quite reassuring to have a famous general like Yang Liuliang there.Therefore, Yang Liulang's departure had a great impact on the local area and the ingenuity fell.

Historical records record that when Yang Yunzhao was buried, the emperor sent his eunuchs to attend to the funeral, but the people from Hebei who came to attend the funeral looked at his coffin from a distance and shed tears.In this episode, let’s talk about Yang Liulang and the Yang family, focusing on an interesting question, which is the difference between Yang Liulang and the Yang family generals in real history and the legendary Yang Liulang and Yang family generals.?More importantly, why are there these differences?Okay, with this question, let’s travel back to 1014 together.

Let's first briefly talk about the story of three generations of Yang family generals recorded in official history. The first generation of Yang Ye was Yang Laolinggong. It turns out that the famous general of the Northern Han Dynasty was called Yang Invincible.He surrendered to the Song Dynasty, and later became the leading general in the Yanmenguan area in northern Shanxi Province of the Song Dynasty. It was Lu who made military exploits.How did he die?He was captured by Liao soldiers during the Battle of Chenjiagu. He went on a hunger strike for three days and died.It's very heroic, but it sounds like a coward to die, right?So does Yang Wudi's title match that of a famous teacher?When I was listening to teacher Dang Bohai’s lecture in the History Department of Peking University, he provided a piece of evidence. He said that in the history of Liao, the history of Liao is one of the twenty-four histories and is the official history.In the history of Liao Dynasty, many biographies of Liao Dynasty generals mentioned this incident, which was the capture of Yang Ye.I have to write this in my biography. What does this mean?This shows that being able to capture Yang Ye in Daliao at that time was a great achievement worth boasting about.Then do you think Yang Ye is great?This is the first generation.What about the second generation of Yang generals?It is Yang Yanzhao, the son of Yang Ye we just mentioned. Folk transmission calls him Yang Liulang. He first followed his father Yang Ye to guard the customs in Shanxi, and then was transferred to Hebei.His period in Hebei happened to be the most exciting period of the game between Song and Liao. You can see that during the war, there were his Dingli Chanyuan Alliance, and he was the one who guarded the border after the peace, and he is the second generation.The third generation is called Yang Wenguang. He is the son of Yang Yanzhao. After all, he is a famous general. Later, he was taken care of by the court and Zhongyong fought in the northwest and southwest. But in terms of military achievements, compared with his grandfather and father, thenIt really doesn't stand out.

Okay, that’s it. Three generations. My colleague even made statistics. In the history of the Song Dynasty, the introduction of the generals of the Yang family in the official history is only 2,500 words. This is the introduction of the generals of the Yang family in the official history.All information.Just that much, then there are more legends, right?The only thing in the legend that is consistent with political history is the one thing we mentioned in the issue of 1004, that is, Yang Liulang poured well water on the city wall. Is it cold in winter?So after the ice solidified, the Liao soldiers would not be able to climb the city wall. This was an innovation for city defense.This incident made a particularly deep impression on me when I was a child and listened to storytelling and Yang Jiajiang.Alas, this matter is really based on historical records.As for the other bunch of folklore stories about the Yang family generals, I'm sorry, I have to be honest, they have basically changed.There is a type of legend whose plots are completely fictitious, such as the Battle of Jinshatan. You said that the second generation of the Yang family, from Dalang to Balang, served the country with loyalty. Dalang was the leader of Liao Dynasty and was assassinated himself.Erlang died in battle, Sanlang's horse was trampled like mud, Silang and Wulang were all missing on the battlefield, and Qilang went back to move troops to seek help, but was shot to death by Pan Renmei.Eight Lang fell into the country and recruited a prince-in-law, leaving only Yang Liulang and Yang Yanzhao to protect his old father Yang Laolingu.In fact, this golden beach war never happened at all.There are also stories in storytelling that are particularly tragic and tear-jerking about the old man who cares for his father-in-law and the hero who cares for the elderly is killed on the Li Ling monument. I'm sorry, but it's also flat. This is a kind of fiction.

There is another type of fictional characters, which really exist in history, but the relationship between the characters in the legend is confusing. For example, Kou Zhun and the generals of the Yang family have no intersection in real history, but in folklore, Kou Zhun is still the same.It's amazing, Kou Zhun is the Yang family's biggest supporter in the imperial court.Another example is Pan Mei. Pan Mei is called Pan Renmei in the legend of the Yang family generals, and is the culprit who killed Yang Qilang and Yang Ye. However, in real history, he is indeed inseparable from Yang Ye's death, but at most it is.It is a leadership responsibility, and he certainly did not intend to cause chaos in the relationship between the characters.There is also a type of fiction, where the characters have a round shadow, but they are too far from historical data.For example, Yang Ye's famous wife is called Mrs. She, the old lady who can still lead the army at the age of 100.Some people later tried their best to verify it, alas, wondering if this was a family of northwest warriors, and the daughter of the She family married Yang Ye, huh.But to be honest, there is no such record in the political and unofficial history of the Song Dynasty. This statement came out very late, so its credibility is very low.I'm sorry, Mrs. She, hahaha.

Finally, there are many particularly famous figures in folklore, but they are completely fabricated. For example, Yang Zongbao and Mu Guiying are the parents of Yang Yanzhao's son and daughter-in-law Yang Wenguang.In fact, as I said just now, Yang Wenguang is the son of Yang Yanzhao. There is no such thing as Yang Zongbao and Mu Guiying in the generation that was not inserted in the middle.So Mu Guiying's martial arts contest to recruit a bride, the female generals of the Yang family, the twelve widows marching to the west, the eight sisters and nine sisters, and the fire-burning girl Yang Paifeng, all these characters are the creations of later folk literature.If you like to watch Peking Opera like me, those famous plays of Yang family generals, such as Golden Beach, Li Ling Monument, Qing Guan Shu, Yuanmen Zhanzi, Mu Guiying leads the number one scholar, Mei Shiro visits his mother, they are all fiction, notTrue history.These stories were not performed in the Song Dynasty, and it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that they began to appear in dramas.Finally, he entered the Yang family in the Ming Dynasty and printed his acting novels into books.After talking about it in one breath, I suddenly discovered that it was the Yang family generals in the official history. Although the black and white words have always been in the historical materials, not many people have actually read them. It was even my first time to study the relevant historical materials of the Yang family generals from beginning to end., I only watched it in order to plan this program, but I am very familiar with the folk legend of the Yang family. I have listened to storytelling and watched Peking Opera since I was a child.Even friends who are younger than me have never heard of the Yang General theme in the Yang General video game.

Then the question arises, why do the Yang family in the private sector make up stories with such extravagant details?Why don't you just confirm the facts?Why can stories made up contain so many more people and events?What about today?Taking advantage of this clue from the Yang family, let’s talk about a topic that may be a bit unfamiliar to people of our generation, called oral culture.Don’t underestimate this matter, don’t underestimate oral culture. When our Civilization Journey program talks about history, what does it mainly rely on?There are written records, and reality must be written down.But we must know that the civilized world outside of words is actually a bit like the dark matter in the universe. It cannot be seen and leaves no trace, but it is the truly vast ocean.As for the little thing we are talking about now, the words we rely on are just a small boat in the ocean.On an absolute scale, that's what it looks like.

People of our generation have been reading and literate since childhood. It is actually difficult for us to imagine a person who is completely illiterate. What is his spiritual life like?You must know that China has reached the National Cross, which is what happened in the past few decades. Looking at the world, the same is true. For most of human history, the vast majority of people were illiterate. They actually relied on oral culture toComplete the shaping of your own spiritual world and the inheritance of culture to the next generation.

What is oral culture?You can imagine, if there was no communication between people in writing in this world, and the human culture could only be transmitted orally, what would it look like as a whole?You may think that cultural dissemination and preservation is very difficult. Even if there is cultural dissemination and preservation, it may be very short and fragmented fragments. Without the help of words, a large amount of information cannot be accurately recorded, and it is impossible to record it accurately.Maybe it spreads over long distances and for a long time, and it could be like a fire that bursts into flames and then goes out quickly, right?Just like many of us today, if you don’t bring a computer or PPT, you won’t be very good at speaking in meetings, right?A large number of things have to be explained through PPT, but sorry, this impression is wrong. In the era of oral culture, there is not only cultural communication, but also a very large scale and very strong communication power.

Let me give you an example, such as the epics of various ethnic groups.In the history of world culture, there are the so-called five major epic arts, namely the Babylonian epic, the Gilgamesh poem, and the Greek epic. We are all familiar with these two, the Iliad and the Odyssey.There are also Indian epics Ramayana and Mekpura, both of which are huge in length.If you think about the two Homer epics that we are most familiar with, the Iliad and the Odyssey, they are already very large in scale, with more than 10,000 lines of poems each. But if you look at the Indian epic Ramonyanna, which is even longer at more than 24,000 verses, andThe Puluoduo is more than 100,000 yuan.

But all the things I just mentioned combined are not as good as our Tibetan King Gesar Chuanchang.The Biography of King Gesar has been sorted out, and more than 1 million lines have been sorted out, and it is still being sorted out, and this number is still growing.China has two other super-large epics, including the Mongolian Jianger Korkez and Manas, which number in the tens or hundreds of thousands.

You may find it incredible that such a long poem is transmitted entirely through oral communication. He did not write it down, memorize it, and then transmit it again.No, it was memorized by the master and his apprentices from generation to generation. Can you remember it?Remember, is it really possible to be able to sing like this in one breath for days and nights?How do these people do it?This is a very interesting question, and many people have studied these questions in academic history.There are several explanations I have seen. The first explanation is that they are not just memorizing things by rote, they all have routines.It seems like a large piece of text, with tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions of words, but in fact there is a lot of jade in between.Those are the words that were prepared in advance. Many of them are clichés, and the themes of urban scenes are used repeatedly, so someone used a word to describe the creation process of this kind of epic.

Alas, this word is really well written. What is knitting?Yes, in fact, after these routines are interspersed, combined, and assembled in a dazzling way, there will be more changes. It doesn’t matter how long you make them. It’s actually not that difficult to remember.In the last century, this was a major theoretical breakthrough in the Western study of the hippo epic. There was also a special term for this theory. This theory is called the Parinold theory. This is what he said, that is, they all rely on foresight and then weave.Make up old stories.In fact, for our generation who grew up listening to Chinese storytelling, this theory is not very profound and is very easy to understand.Because after listening to storytelling too much, we immediately understand that there are just a few cliches and routines.For example, I brought a book today, which is Liu Lanfang's storytelling. The Yang family's lectures have all been written down and written down. When Yang Zongbao met Mu Guiying for the first time, he said this. I triedI'll recite it to you, it's the routine in the words, which I memorized when I was a kid.

It is said that when Yang Zongbao saw this female general, she was all dressed up, with a phoenix skirt stuck behind her head, and a pair of horse-faced cowhide boots swinging hard. She had a peach blossom face, beautiful eyebrows, thin teeth and red lips, and a murderous look in her eyes.There is a pink war horse under its crotch, and 13 silver bells hang around its neck, which make a clear and melodious sound.In his hand is a sleeve-shaped sword, with a red tasseled flying fish belt tied to it, a cloud-piercing sword in the form of a fox-like beast, and a treasure bag slung across his body. I don’t know what else is inside.

Hahahaha, I don’t know how well I memorize it, but you have heard Liu Lanfang’s comments too many times.You know, when he describes a general and a scene, those clichés are actually precognitive.So for a storytelling artist, should I memorize passages like this?They are childlike in their skills and have memorized many passages like this since they were young. Is this called guanguo?But I have memorized a lot of paragraphs, and then describe it after such a mouthful, no matter whether it is a female general or a male general, no matter what kind of battle scene it is, no matter which book it is, no matter who is being described, it must beJust open your mouth, this is the so-called formulation of clichés.

So if you look at traditional Chinese storytelling actors, many of them are illiterate. They don’t recite by endorsement, but endorsement is not the same thing when we were young. For example, the father, uncle, and uncle of the storytelling master Shan Tianfang were all famous storytelling masters at that time., but these people are illiterate.I heard from Mr. Shan Tianfang, and I have met Mr. Shan Tianfang. Several of his senior sisters can’t even write their own names.But how can you tell many big books without delaying your life? What lies behind this is this secret technology, which is the technique of using routines to weave stories and rhetoric. This is a theoretical explanation as to why they can tellSo long?In fact, there is another explanation, and I think this is a more in-depth explanation, that is, people in the oral culture era are actually a different kind of people. They are actually different from those of us who grew up in a written culture. They have many abilities.For example, our generation does not have the ability to recite large paragraphs.

Here, I would like to express my emotion. Our generation is transitioning from text culture to electronic culture. Now our sending ability is far, far behind.When I was a child, I met some old professors. If you asked him a question, he would really tell you which row or row on my bookshelf you were in.What book?Which page has the answer?I saw such a professor when I was a child, so the kind of camera-like memory that Mr. Qian Zhongshu said about being able to recite a book after reading it over and over again is not a legend. The masters among the old intellectuals of that generation are really good.Such ability.

Let’s not talk about anything else. Before using smart phones, who among us didn’t have a few people who could recite dozens or even hundreds of phone numbers with just opening their mouths?Their memory is stronger than that of our generation. Our generation's ability in this area has actually been seriously degraded. In the Song Dynasty we are talking about, there was a poet, do you know for sure?Li Qingzhao and her husband Zhao Mingcheng played games like this. After dinner in the evening, they made tea and started playing. How to play? What do you mean?In which book, volume, page and line?You are right, you drink tea first. This is the same as our usual drinking order. When the couple is having a great time, they often raise their glasses and laugh, spilling the tea on their clothes.Therefore, later generations wrote a poem based on this scene called "Xiao De poured the fragrance of tea into the gambling book" and knew that it was a patrol at that time.

Doesn't this allusion sound like a couple having fun in the boudoir, haha, but if you jump out and see it, it's amazing. The intellectuals and literate people at that time had such a terrifying crushing recitation ability.Then you think these are people in a written culture. In an era without writing, people relied more on memory. In ancient times, some people had terrible mailing abilities. You can probably imagine that, at least in ancient GreecePhilosopher, right?Oh, Socrates objected to writing this text down at that time. Why?One of the reasons is that this delays our memory, so it can be seen that the memory of people before written civilization was too strong.

I am not mythologizing the ancients, this is my admiration for human potential.As long as necessary, with long-term training, a person's ability can often reach an astonishing level.I also brought a book today, and there is an example in it. Hobsbroom’s book is called The Age of Revolution. In it, he said that before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans were generally very short.How short are the men recruited to serve in the army? The men who serve in the army are basically selected according to their height, which is about 1.5 meters tall.The soldiers in Europe at that time were malnourished and could only grow so tall, but don't underestimate the physical fitness of these people.

The soldiers in the French Revolution were as thin as wood and stunted, but they could be fully armed and march 50 kilometers with heavy loads every day for a week. This kind of physical fitness, well, it may take special forces to achieve it today, so don’t look at what we have todayThe man is well-nourished, tall and tall, and his height is much higher than theirs.But we have been separated from manual labor for too long, so the physical fitness of the soldiers during the French Revolution mentioned in this book is a myth to us.In the same way, our generation today has been too long away from the era of needing to recite large sections, so the recitation ability of people in ancient times is also a myth to us, right?Therefore, fully understanding our species is the plasticity of human beings and the huge potential abilities of human beings. In fact, one of the functions is to dispel the arrogance of our generation.I talked about it for a long time, but in fact it only explained one thing, that is, how could an illiterate storytelling artist be able to create such a long oral creation and turn such a little fact about the Yang family generals into such a long fictional story?But there is a question that we have to explain next, which is the creation of these oral literatures. Why did he make them up randomly?Why doesn't he care about the facts?

We just asked a question, why do people in oral cultures tend to make up nonsense?Doesn't he respect the facts?In fact, the question itself is wrong. It’s not that they intentionally lie, but that people in an oral culture have a different view of truth and falsehood than we do.Many years ago, I remember reading a book about Tibetan areas. The author was rafting on the Yellow River in a Tibetan area of ​​China. One time, while drinking tea at a Tibetan home, the director told them about something that had just happened.He said that I saw with my own eyes that a Yellow River expedition team's boat had just sunk on a nearby lake. He said that the boat was traveling very fast on the lake, and the mountains at the bottom of the lake cut the boat open in the middle like a fish, and the boat was like an arrow.It sank.What a pity. It was told in detail and vividly.But the problem is that within a few hours, the author encountered the Yellow River expedition team. Their boat was indeed knocked over by a bridge pier, but there was no danger, the boat did not sink, and there were no casualties.The author sighed and said, "Look, at such a short distance and in such a short time, a message can be transformed to this extent. What can be seen?"This shows the imagination of oral culture.

So do you think the owner of this Tibetan family intentionally lied?What was the point of lying to him?Right?Yes, this is what the oral tradition is like. Does everyone have to superimpose their own imagination when something is said in their mouth?Just like when we were young, we enjoyed the cool air in the summer, and our neighbors would brag together. When any matter passes through anyone's mouth, shouldn't we add fuel or jealousy to it?It’s a very growing thing, right?If you observe children, they are actually like this. Children sometimes do not lie, nor are they deceived by lies. No, they are just in their world. What is truth?What is fiction?The boundary is not so clear, they are having fun playing in that place between reality and fiction.

I mentioned Santa Claus in a program once, and I saw some users commenting that they just thought Luo Zhenyu’s words were good, so they called their children over to listen, and they happened to hear you say that Santa Claus does not exist.Lu Zhenyu, how could you betray Santa Claus to me?In fact, don’t worry, my friend, academic research has long found that children actually have a good idea of ​​whether Santa Claus is real or fictitious.For example, I observed our two children. When they were playing together when they were young, they would often just say this out of their mouths. We pretended to be like this, we pretended to be like that. The children lived in a world where pretending and reality were not clearly distinguishable, and they were happy.This is unfair.

If we had to tell them that Santa Claus is fake and you were deceived, they might be confused, right?He will be confused, why do you adults force such a separation between reality and fiction?This feeling of tearing would confuse him.Yes, the state of indistinguishability between true and false in oral culture only changed with written culture. Is it that the messy and chaotic thoughts were turned into black and white?The black and white words were unified into various final versions, so what was true and what was false, right and wrong were suddenly separated.

If you have read Zhuangzi, there is a short story in it, right?It is originally Chaos, but if you insist on cutting open its seven orifices, Chaos will die.This is the change from oral culture to written culture.Our generation has been reading, literate, and studying theory since childhood. The entire mental model has been shaped by the written culture.What is the biggest feature of written culture?It is to allow people to have that thing called certainty in their world.To put it bluntly, there are more and more standard answers in the world of written culture, which are not available in oral culture.Thinking about our growth process, we can talk at first. Children with normal physiology can usually talk, right?As for the learning process, although the process of learning to speak is complicated, it is not that difficult.As long as the people around me can understand what I say, there is no absolute right or wrong.But if you think about it, as long as we enter school and start learning to write and enter the culture of writing, then a lot of problems will come to us, because there are standard answers to the text from any angle, and the pronunciation of the strokes and pronunciations by ourselves will not work..Whether it is true or false has become a big issue. If you say it is wrong, you will be deducted from the exam.And have you noticed?Here’s the key point about this standard of right and wrong. This standard of right and wrong is not set in the world around me. It is set by people far away who I don’t know.

Let me give you an example. In one of the Civilization Journey programs, I mentioned Qin Shihuang’s Epang Palace, and I pronounced it as Fang. Many users corrected it in the comment area and said that Luo Pang mispronounced the word and pronounced it Pang A Pang Gu.In fact, I am also quite embarrassed, because when I was a child, like you, the teacher told me that if I write this word incorrectly in the Apang Palace exam, I will be deducted points.But before I did this program, our work team was very rigorous. We actually looked up this word in the most authoritative Xinhua dictionary. When checking a house, there are not many factors. There is only one word called A Fangguo..What to do?Just follow the Xinhua Dictionary, right?You can't say that I learned it like that when I was a child. I can't argue with Xinhua Dictionary.Then what do you think he did wrong with me as a serious user?He has a point too.Alas, because this was the mark in his Chinese textbooks since he was a child. You see people in distant places are fighting with each other, which makes us feel at a loss.No matter what, the standards we each base on are not set by people around us, but by people far away who we don’t know, such as people from the education department, experts who compile textbooks, and authorities who compile dictionaries, and the standards they set are mutually exclusive.There will be changes and fights, but we have no choice but to change accordingly.

There are many similar words. For example, Xiao, a concubine in the mortal world, is now pronounced as her lobbyist, now she is pronounced as Shuo Que Zhu, and now she is pronounced as Chi.Haha, my God, I was so scared when I was a child that I worked so hard to learn the pronunciation knowledge. I was afraid that all the pronunciation knowledge I would write incorrectly is now incorrect. Have you changed it?I have no choice but to force myself to treat people living in a literate culture according to what is now correct, that is, the standards of right and wrong set by those far away for me. In this way, our lives are composed of a series of standard rules of right and wrong.Determined by this standard answer.These standards are non-rules and the answers are set by people far away that I don’t know.I'm not surprised by this, I don't think there's anything wrong with it, that's just the way my world is.But now you can imagine, if I lived in a society without writing at all, what would my world be like?As a person from an oral culture, I may not have left my hometown much from birth to death. I live nearby with a lot of acquaintances. My whole world is here, and all my successes and failures, good and bad, are here.With Fuquan around me, every move, word and deed I make is for the people nearby to see.People from far away?Who is he?What does it have to do with me, right?Not to mention that there are unknown people from far away who come to set standards of right and wrong for me. My standards of right and wrong are set by people around me, and I calibrate my actions.You see, this is the fundamental difference between oral culture and written culture.What is the name Culture borrowed from the novel by writer Milan Kundera?People in written cultures live elsewhere, while people in oral cultures live nearby.After understanding this difference between distance and nearness, we then ask why people in oral cultures don't care much about the facts. They often add insult to injury and talk nonsense.Let me provide an answer. What they care about is the people in front of them and the things around them. They don’t care about the history in words that are far away in time and space.Let's imagine a scene, such as a typical oral culture.

In Greece in the 8th century BC, a blind man came to the village one night. He was a bard. It is said that his name was Hippopotamus.The village chief invited him to live in our village for a month, light a torch every night, and tell us stories about the Iliad and the Odyssey.So what do I expect?I am a child in this village. The highlight of that night was his improvisation and embellishing. It was best that there were some plot points that no one in other villages had heard of.

But a few hundred years later, writing appeared in Greece, and someone wrote down the so-called Hippopotamus Epic. This made it difficult for a final version of the Hippopotamus Epic to appear. Then what kind of bard would come to the village?No matter what he said, if there were still a few people in the village who knew how to read, everyone would have a clue in their minds.Well, is he right?Why is the line he sang different from the final version in my hand?Is this different because he has no ability? He remembered it wrong, okay?How many people in the audience do you think had this idea?Is the hippopotamus epic that is lively, growing every day, and different every time it is told still there?Without it, once the Hippo Epic was written in its final version, the Hippo Epic would be dead as a miracle in oral culture.

The same goes for the story of the Yang family generals, right?A storyteller and a folk artist, what does he care about?I said it myself.Is it the same as historical records?No, he doesn't know how to read, right?He doesn’t publish papers, right?His works do not need to be responsible for all corners of the world and thousands of people. What is the most responsible thing for an uncle artist?What do you need to be most concerned about?Today I am giving a lecture in this bookstore. Whether I do it or not, there will be no audience. How much money can I earn to take home and support my family? How many lectures can I give?Do you like what you heard today?Can you make a name for me?Will there be more seats tomorrow?That's all I care about.All he cares about is the immediate vicinity of life.

Just like I just counted the sons of old-age workers from the first to the eighth son, maybe someone was very keen and wanted to find out my mistakes just now. No, you just made a mistake in one detail. The person who fell into the trap of the consort was clearly Yang Silang.Why did you just say Yang Balang?Yes, in Peking Opera, Shiro's visit to his mother is talking about Yang Silang, who fell into a foreign country, but I have some basis for it.The Yang Balang I just mentioned, in the storytelling Liu Lanfang broadcast, there was a martial arts competition to recruit Yang Yanshun, the eighth male, who married the third princess of the Liao Kingdom. What do you think this means?This just illustrates the characteristics of oral culture, which is very uncertain. It is different every time it is spoken, and different people speak it differently.In the past, when we talked about oral civilization, we always felt that, well, it was unreliable, as if it was very low-level, and its weaknesses were obvious, because the words came out of the mouth and drifted in the wind.It seems that oral civilization can only take care of the people in front of you, and it can neither control the distance nor reach the distance.In today's program, I especially want to remind everyone to change their perspective. Oral culture, a culture that lives nearby, does it have any benefits and strengths that we have ignored?

Our pursuit of a better life comes from the opening of every extraordinary door.Casarte, born for love, connects the art of home.You have to ask, what are the strengths and benefits of oral culture compared with written culture?I'm talking about the simplest one. Does it leave room for chicken nature, that is, the vigorous creativity of human beings?This piece of writing culture is not good. As long as you write it down in black and white, you can’t move it after it’s printed there.But spoken culture is different and can be changed anytime and anywhere.For example, in the late Qing Dynasty, there was a storyteller named He Yunfei from Suzhou. He was the best teller of the Water Margin in Pinghua Street, Suzhou.It is said that his master was not very capable and could tell Water Margin for up to 27 days, but He Yunfei was very capable and had a nickname called He Nianniian.Because he couldn't finish a Water Margin in a year, and it is said that he has never finished telling the entire series of Water Margin once in his life.With such a great ability, you can stretch it as long as you want.

There is a rumor that once he was narrating a scene from Water Margin in a bookstore in Suzhou, called Shi Xiu jumping off a building to solve the law. When he mentioned that the great hero Shi Xiu had just stepped out of the window with his left leg and was about to jump off, in fact he had already told this sceneAfter many days, one of the guests couldn't bear it any longer, so he shouted, "Can you let this Shi Xiu jump at any cost today?"He Yunfei said, why?Why do I have to let him jump today?The customer said that there was really nothing he could do. I had been waiting for several days, right?I'm going to Shanghai on a business trip tomorrow, and it will take Youshen five days to come back.I was afraid that you would let him jump when I left, and I would miss this moment.
He Yunfei laughed and said, don't worry, I guarantee you to sit back on the sixth day. Sitting here, Shi Xiu is still here and has not jumped. As expected, He Yunfei was waiting for him to come back on the sixth day before letting the great hero Shi XiuJump downstairs.So you see that the storytelling artist is not deliberately cheating, he is always taking care of his guests, who are his bread and butter.The speaking time may be long or short, and the improvisation may be long or short, depending on the reaction of the guests present. This is a game shared by those present.

What is present sharing?Let me give you an example. If I were telling that story just now, if I were there that day, in He Yunfei’s bookstore, and I was also an audience, what would my mentality be?But I just want to see, oh, how can you jump off a building like Shi Xiu, and you can let him jump for another five days?I know you are waiting for the guest just now, and I am willing to fulfill your kindness. I am also willing.Seeing you show your ability, I am also willing to participate in and witness this wonderful story.

So you see, I have nothing to do with them. I am just a bystander, but I am also involved in my mentality.This is the mentality of people in oral cultures.I also brought a set of books today. This is a set of Yangzhou Pingkuang Wu Song published in the early 1980s that I found in the used book market. This is the Wu Song told by Mr. Wang Shaotang.It turns out that there are 50 stories about Wu Song in Yangzhou Pinghua, which can only be told for 20 days, but Mr. Wang Shaotang is so good that he has continued to stretch the story of Wu Song until it can be told for 75 days.It turns out that this story in Water Margin only has more than 80,000 words, but this time the transcript of Wang Shaotang's lectures was compiled and published 1.1 million times. This version has a lot of cuts, but there are still more than 800,000 words left. This is the story of Wuzong of more than 800,000 words.There are 10 times more books than in the original book of Water Margin. What is this?This is the skill of Mr. Wang Shaotang, and because Wang Shaotang knew that he was going to organize the text in this book, it was a serious matter, so many of his nonsense skills were not used.For example, it is said that Wang Shaotang once talked about Wu Song fighting a tiger. He said that Wu Song was riding on the back of the tiger, raising his fist to fight. Haha, there were a lot of gimmicks interspersed in it. It is said that even after talking for a week, Wu Song's fist was not knocked down..

So this kind of joke must have been improvised on the spot. It's a pity that it's so rich in the version compiled this time that you definitely can't see it.Because once the final version is written, there are too many dimensions to consider. What about the vivid creations in the storytelling scene?I can only reluctantly give up.If you are interested in this topic, there is a book I have to recommend to you. This book is called The Great Game written by Mr. Guo Baochang, which talks about the art of Peking Opera.The title of this book is really good.

A great game. Don’t think that Peking Opera is a performance, it is a performance performed by people on stage for people in the audience.No, what is Peking Opera?It is a game that everyone in the theater participates in. Let’s take applause as an example. What Western symphony do you listen to?Watching the ballet, do you have a cheerleader?No, no matter how wonderful the performance is, it’s not polite for you to applaud in the middle, right?When a ballerina lifts her legs, do you dare to say her legs are good?Then the security will probably ask you out.Tchaikusky wrote about the legs. What are the notes in this section?What rhythm?You can't be wrong at all.But Peking Opera is different. The audience applauds, which is an organic part of a successful performance.For example, as a theater fan, I bought a ticket to listen to the Peking Opera Shiro Visits His Mother. Why?I came here to watch the plot, the twists and turns of the plot, I am so familiar with it.That doesn't matter at all, I'm here to participate in today's game.I'm familiar with it, and my level is high. Of course I know what I want to listen to and watch. For example, in the whole drama about Shiro visiting his mother, I just want to hear the tune called Xiao Fan. Can you sing it?Dang dang dang, when I saw the princess, I couldn't help but stood at the public security gate and called the little one attentively.I won’t be able to sing after that, haha, but if you can sing, I’ll be just right, and I’ll shout to you at this point, okay.Well, you see, you are also an expert, and I am also an expert. We can be considered a win-win in this game. This is the praise of Peking Opera.

There is such a thing in the history of Peking Opera. It is true that the famous actor Tan Fuying from Beijing, the boss of Tan, came to Tianjin to sing the song "Silang Tom". Originally, he had a very bright voice, and he was so popular that he sang "Xiaofan". Alas, we met in Tianjin this time.Ghost.He just couldn't sing this tune. He couldn't sing it the first time, and he couldn't sing it the second time. But it's strange that the ticket price keeps rising. For the third show, it actually went up to 3 yuan per ticket. Do you think?In that era, a ticket cost 3 yuan and 3 oceans. How expensive was that theater ticket?The people in Tianjin said that day, three yuan and three ha, I just want to hear you sing, this is called Xiao Fan.Hahaha, what's the result?The third time Boss Tang still didn’t sing.It is said that Tan Fuying never dared to perform in Tianjin again.You hear Peking Opera fans in Tianjin talking about this and it’s a good story. We Tianjin people are of high standard. You see Boss Tan is here. Alas, I’m scared. The legend has been passed down to this day.So do you think the person who bought the ticket at such an expensive price of 3 yuan 3 felt that he was at a loss?According to us people today, if Tan Fuying's product delivery is not in place and his eyes are broken, then the ticket price must not be worth it and he will lose money.But I don’t think Peking Opera audiences would think so.

It’s the same principle. This is a game that everyone in the theater plays. I meet people every day and spend 3 yuan. When I come to this theater, what I want to participate in is this deadlock.Regardless of whether Tan Fuying can sing or not, alas, I am amazed or disappointed. I am a witness to this legendary story. I have witnessed that Tan Fuying failed to sing again tonight. I have to talk about this for the rest of my life. This isI want it.
Today we start with the story of the Yang family generals. I am trying to show you two cultural models. One is the written culture, the written culture that our generation is very familiar with.In the world of written culture, certainty is very strong and it has strong advantages. Human beings can continue to move forward by following the determined footsteps of their predecessors, constantly climbing, constantly expanding, and constantly launching large-scale revolutions.cooperate.In this way, everyone can connect with people far away and use the standard rules of the far place to calibrate themselves at the moment. This is a characteristic of written culture.But today we try to lift the small curtain and let you take a look at another kind of oral culture that our generation has become somewhat estranged from.

In this world, everything is so vivid and in full swing, and everyone lives nearby. They take over the legends of their predecessors, add their own imagination and understanding, and then pass them on to others. In this way, theyTo deal with the current challenges, we must also reach a consensus with the surrounding world.In this way, they create their own heroes, and then use the heroes as mirrors to see themselves reflected in them.
This is an oral culture, so which culture do you think is better?Haha, this is about a famous scene in history.It is said that in his later years, Wang Yangming gathered people to give lectures. After listening to the lecture, many students felt that the lecture was very good. I wanted to take notes and publish it in the future. Wang Yangming quickly stopped and said, "Don't worry, what is it like when I give you a lecture?"When you ask a doctor to take medicine, it is all due to the nature of the disease. If you have this disease, I will give you this medicine.The conditions of patients are different, and the medicines they use are different. As a doctor, if I use the same medicine for any disease, wouldn't that be murder?So I am giving you lectures now, just hoping to see specific changes in you.And if you write it down and turn it into words, and then spread it out to strangers in the future, then they may not be suitable for this, and everyone will do it according to this set of rules.

Alas, to me, isn’t this just misleading others and myself?Isn't this a sin?This is what Wang Yangming said at the time, but no matter what, Wang Yangming still didn't stop it, haha. The lively and object-oriented oral culture of the forest farm that he wanted to maintain was eventually accumulated by the students, right?It has become a text that has a fixed version and does not change. Otherwise, we can now see this book called Zhuan Xilu. The sentence I just mentioned about Wang Yangming is in this book, so it would be difficult not to record it if you read it., such a precious thing is scattered in the wind.

What a pity. Every sentence you recorded, Wang Yangming, said it to specific and specific people present, and it was heard by the ears of the non-specific public like us who were not present.In fact, is this book Wang Yangming’s original intention?There will be some misinterpretation.So from this scene you can taste the advantages and disadvantages of oral culture and written culture, and for people like Wang Yangming, when he faced this choice, it was a dilemma, should I let them or not?Write it down?Should I let them publish my words in a book?Now we are in 1014 AD. In this episode, we use the death of Yang Yanzhao and Yang Liulang to talk about the different spreads of the Yang family in oral and written cultures.

In fact, I just want to open the curtain and let you see a corner of oral culture. Isn’t oral culture different from what we understood in the past?It is not so-called low-level, temporary, and fragile. What is it actually?It is lively, straightforward and vital.Hey, when it comes to talking about it, I have a thought in my mind. The journey of civilization is also a small species in the middle zone between oral culture and written culture. Our program also has the characteristics of oral culture, right?But it is also rooted in literary culture. Our program actually wants to bring out those cultures that are outdated, seem outdated, and seem to have become silent.

We are not trying to ignore the ancients, nor are we trying to make people in modern civilization feel superior.Do you think how stupid the ancients were?No, but it allows us to see the various styles and infinite possibilities of human civilization.There is a truth that I have always believed, that is, anything that has appeared in human history will never disappear again. It is there. What are they?They are a glass of wine that their ancestors poured and put there.What are they?They are a flame leaping through eternity.What are they?They are the seeds that will inevitably sprout again in the future destiny of mankind.Therefore, the Civilization Journey program talks about them and puts them in front of you, so that we can all see their value, and then we are always ready to enjoy it.Okay, this is 1014 AD. See you next year in 1015 AD.